离子液体R_3NANR_3的制备及其脱硫性能

以二元酸和短链叔胺为原料,合成了已二酸三乙胺盐离子液体———R3NANR3。对该离子液体进行SO2气体的循环吸收和解吸行为的研究。实验结果表明,R3NANR3离子液体能对SO2气体进行有效的化学吸收。该吸收过程分二步进行,以第一步吸收为主。室温下（20℃）该离子液体在3 h以内吸收速率较快,3 h后吸收速率减慢并逐渐达到平衡。R3NANR3离子液体与SO2气体饱和吸收量的物质的量之比为1.08。较高温度将导致SO2气体的解吸,在90℃时饱和吸收液能较充分地解吸,残留量为0.0010 mol/L。多次吸收和解吸测试表明,R3NANR3离子液体能实现对SO2气体的循环吸收和分离,将成为烟气中SO2气体的脱除和利用的重要循环吸收剂。     

粉末凹凸棒石对水溶性阳离子染料废水的脱色研究

本文研究了凹凸棒石粘土处理阳离子染料废水的吸附脱色规律。结果表明，粉末凹凸棒石对水溶性阳离子染料具有优良的脱色效果。例如，染料初始浓度１００ｍｇ·ｌ＾－１（色度相当于２２００￣４０００倍），粘土投加量０．５％，七种被研究的阳离子染料废水平均脱色率近９９％，吸附机理主要是离子交换。     

Lead sorption by a Mexican,clinoptilolite-rich tuff

Goal, Scope and Background The retention of lead by a Mexican, clinoptilolite-rich tuff from Oaxaca (Mexico) at different pH values was evaluated and the lead sorption mechanisms on the zeolitic material in this work were discussed. Methods Isotherms were determined using lead nitrate solutions (initial pH values between 2 and 5) at 303 K. After the equilibrium was reached, the content of lead in the liquid phases was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The elemental composition of the clinoptilolite-rich tuff before and after the lead sorption process was evaluated by electron microscopy. Results The maximum ion exchange capacity of the Mexican, clinoptilolite-rich tuff for lead was 1.4 meq/g at pH 3, considering an ion exchange mechanism in the absence of any precipitated or hydrolyzed lead species in the sorption process or any change in the zeolite network. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were also considered in this work for comparison purposes. Discussion It is important to consider the nature of the sorption processes before choosing a model to describe the interaction between the metal ions and the sorbent. Conclusions The chemical lead speciation, the pH, as well as the characteristics of the clinoptilolite-rich tuff are important factors to be considered on the lead sorption process by natural zeolites. The chemical species involved in that process are Na⁺ from the zeolite and Pb²⁺ from the aqueous solution at pH 2 and 3, so that the ion exchange mechanism explains the lead sorption processes by the clinoptilolite-rich tuff through the ion exchange isotherms. The sodium, Mexican, clinoptilolite-rich tuff is a potential adsorbent for lead from aqueous solutions. Recommendations and Perspectives The natural zeolite-rich tuffs are very important as ion exchangers for the treatment of polluted water due to their sorption properties and low cost. The sorption behavior of each natural material depends on their composition. Mexican, clinoptilolite-rich tuff from Oaxaca (Mexico) could be used for the treatment of waste water contaminated with lead. It would be important to propose this material as an alternative as waste water treatment, because it shows good selectivity for the removal of heavy metals from water.     

离子强度对粘土和改性粘土絮凝去除水华铜绿微囊藻的影响

研究了水体的离子强度对粘土和壳聚糖改性粘土絮凝去除铜绿微囊藻的影响 .离子强度的增加有利于粘土对藻类的絮凝去除 .与一般粘土除藻相反 ,壳聚糖改性粘土却在离子强度低的条件下具有更好的除藻效果 ,是适合在湖泊 ,水库和江河等淡水 (低含盐量 )水体中应用的应急除藻技术 .当离子强度从 0.17mol/L降到 0mol/L时 ,海泡石除藻率从 90 %以上降为 70 %以下(投加量700mg/L) ,而壳聚糖改性海泡石的除藻率却从 70%左右升至 95% (投加量仅为 11mg/L) .用粘度法研究了壳聚糖改性海泡石的絮凝机理 ,发现相对低的离子强度更有利于壳聚糖分子链上阳电荷的相互排斥作用 ,有利于壳聚糖分子链的舒展 ,从而可以充分发挥架桥网捕作用 ,利于絮凝除藻 .     

木质纤维素生产燃料乙醇的关键技术研究现状

木质纤维素是自然界广泛存在且廉价的可再生资源.其主要成分纤维索、半纤维素是潜在的燃料乙醇生产原料.虽然由木质纤维素生产燃料乙醇的技术路线已具可行性,但存在着具体工艺环节复杂、生产能耗高等局限,严重阻碍了其规模化生产.目前纤维素燃料乙醇生产主要围绕预处理、酶解、发酵三大关键步骤进行技术攻关,其中预处理的能耗和效率、发酵过程的五碳糖利用等问题成为该工艺的重要制约因素.本文在综述国内外纤维素乙醇生产关键步骤的基础上,着重分析了各种物理、化学和生物预处理的优缺点以及新兴的预处理思路,归纳了各类纤维素乙醇生产菌的特点,包括耐高温和五碳糖的利用,并介绍了当前主要的发酵方式和优化措施,以期为木质纤维素生产乙醇提供新的研究思路.表5参86     

钛石膏中重金属元素的浸出特性研究

研究了钛石膏中重金属含量和不同浸出条件下钛石膏中重金属的浸出特性。结果表明,钛石膏中Mn、Hg、Zn、Cr、As含量相对较高,表现出对周围环境的潜在危害性。不同浸提剂浸出实验中,由于较强的离子强度效应,海水对重金属的浸出能力强于硫酸/硝酸、去离子水(除Zn外),且海水Hg浸出浓度超出标准限值近3倍。在连续静态浸出实验中,海水浸出和酸性浸出的重金属浓度均不断降低,但重金属海水浸出量始终高于酸性浸出,表明盐度对重金属的浸出具有持续促进作用,而钛石膏则表现出较强的酸缓冲能力。同时在连续浸出过程中海水及酸性浸出的重金属累积浸出率均显著增加,说明在标准加速浸出时间以外,钛石膏液固浸出体系仍具有较强的重金属释放能力,故认为钛石膏简易堆存可能存在环境风险。     

氨基修饰磁性氧化石墨烯吸附离子型染料性能

采用恒温搅拌法和水热法首次制备磁性三乙烯四胺氧化石墨烯（M-T-GO）,并通过SEM和XPS对M-T-GO进行表征.以M-T-GO为吸附剂,分析pH值、吸附时间和初始浓度对阴离子染料酒石黄（TY）和阳离子染料亚甲基蓝（MB）吸附效果的影响.并对吸附动力学和吸附等温线进行拟合.结果表明：M-T-GO对离子型染料的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温式和拟二级反应动力学描述.M-T-GO对TY和MB具有较好的吸附性能,饱和吸附量分别为157.23mg/g和169.49mg/g.与GO相比,M-T-GO对离子型染料的吸附效果更优异,同时具有快速分离和易再生的优点.     

湛江东海岛春季海雾雾水化学特性分析

利用湛江1951~2010年地面观测资料及2010年3月15日~4月20日在湛江东海岛6次海雾观测数据,分析了湛江海雾发生的规律和雾水化学特性.结果表明,湛江海雾属于酸性海雾,pH值变化范围从4.80~6.05.海雾发生初期的电导率比雾发生期间高很多,说明海雾发生的初始阶段雾水中溶解了大量的污染物.对样本的电导率与pH值进行非线性拟合,相关系数为0.61,表明存在一定的相关性.湛江东海岛雾中各离子浓度很高,与其他城市相比较,湛江海雾阴离子Cl-和NO3-很高,特别是Cl-达13000μmol/L,但SO42-不高;阳离子中Na+很高.电导率比其他城市偏高.Ca2+和Mg2+的离子浓度较高,主要是受近地表土壤(主要是钙和铁的碳酸盐)尘埃影响.在雾过程的前期,雾水中各离子成分浓度最高,雾过程期间浓度偏低.各种离子浓度与雾的类型有关.     

Inverse modeling to estimate LNAPL plume release timing

Methodologies are presented for dating releases of light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) using an inverse modeling approach with simple analytical models. Models for LNAPL plume migration are presented to predict LNAPL plume velocity in the unsaturated and saturated zones as a function of basic soil and fluid properties. A relative mobility factor is introduced for LNAPL movement at the water table that depends primarily on the van Genuchten n parameter (related to the breadth of the soil pore size distribution) and the magnitude of water table fluctuations. Estimated LNAPL plume velocities compare reasonably with more rigorous numerical models, which may be used in cases where data availability warrant the greater effort entailed.Two methods of estimating release timing and its uncertainty are investigated. A direct estimation method is described that determines travel time for a single observed travel distance based on estimated soil and fluid properties. Release date uncertainty may be determined using the first order (FO) or Monte Carlo (MC) methods. The second method for estimating release date involves nonlinear parameter estimation utilizing distance vs. time measurements and other data.A case study is presented for a field site where independent estimates of release timing were obtained from a numerical modeling analysis. Release timing estimates based on direct inversion of the analytical timing model agree well with the numerical analysis. Results for a second field site indicate that release date confidence limits estimated by the FO method, assuming log-normally distributed travel times, are close to values determined by the MC method, which makes no assumption regarding the form of the travel time probability distribution.Results for a hypothetical problem indicate that LNAPL velocity and travel time may be accurately estimated if sufficient data on travel distance vs. time are available. Incorporating prior information on relevant soil and fluid properties into the objective function reduces the uncertainty in release date if prior estimates are accurate. However, biased prior estimates may lead to over- or underestimation of release date uncertainty. Simultaneous estimation of soil and fluid properties and release date is possible if prior information is available to condition the parameter estimates.